| Term | ill-will |
|---|---|
| Tibetan | gnod-sems |
| Sanskrit | |
| Pali | |
| Definition |
| Translation |
harmful intent; harmfulness
* nösem * gnod sems |
|---|---|
| Definition |
| German | Böswilligkeit |
|---|---|
| French | méchanceté |
| Italian | malevolenza |
| Jeffrey Hopkins En, Ti... | harmful intent; harmfulness |
| Russian | враждебность |
| Vietnamese | ác tâm |